Abduction

Types of reasoning - abduction, deduction, induction

Logic is the systematic study of cogent reasoning. Reasoning emphasizes the process of drawing inferences (conclusions) from some initial information (premise). In standard logic, when the truth of the conclusions follows the premises, we refer to it as deduction. That…

Threats to external validity

Threats to external validity-min

External validity is about the generalizability of the results to different populations, settings, periods,  treatment variables, and measurement variables. Then, threats to external validity are the conditions that limit this generalization of the results. Since external validity specifies conditions under…

Threats to internal validity

Threats to internal validity

Threats to internal validity are characteristics of research design that jeopardize our ability to interpret and make appropriate inferences. That is, it is an evaluation of the research design to provide causal inference. But to infer causality we must be…

Research design

Research design

Empirical research is often conducted to establish evidence of a phenomenon or relationship, to examine and evaluate causal relationships, or to provide an explanation of how, why, and under what conditions a causal relationship exists. The purpose of the research…

Validity in research

Validity

Validity in scientific research is arguably one of the most important properties of measurement as every aspect of research design can impact the validity of the research. Cook and Campbell (1979) defined it as “the best available approximation to the…

Social Determinants of Health

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) defines social determinants of health (SDH) as the conditions in the places where individuals live, work, and play that affect a wide range of health and quality of life-risks outcomes. That is, the…